Beyond TH: Imaging Dopamine Content in Midbrain Organoids for Parkinson’s Disease Modeling

TH expression does not necessarily indicate that neurons are metabolically active and produce dopamine. Therefore, several groups interested in organoid-based modeling of Parkinson’s disease have combined standard markers of dopaminergic neurons, such as TH and GIRK2, with direct staining of dopamine using anti-hapten antibodies, as well as ELISA kits for quantifying dopamine release in supernatant.